Pharmaceutical Intermediates

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Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH₂)₂(CO₂H)₂. It is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste. Like most simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes.

Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents[edit]

Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.^[12] 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic as a precursor.^[16] The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.^[17] Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.^[18]

Food and dietary supplement[edit]

As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe and is used primarily as an acidity regulator^[20] in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.^[11] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity^[21] or as a counter ion.^[11] Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.

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Dioxolane derivatives are recognized as important motifs for the construction of numerous pharmacologically active molecules as antiviral, antifungal, anti-HIV, and adrenoreceptor antagonists.

Dioxolane is a heterocyclic acetal with the chemical formula (CH₂)₂O₂CH₂. It is related to tetrahydrofuran (THF) by replacement of the methylene group (CH₂) at the 2-position with an oxygen atom. The corresponding saturated 6-membered C₄O₂ rings are called dioxanes. The isomeric 1,2-dioxolane (wherein the two oxygen centers are adjacent) is a peroxide. 1,3-dioxolane is used as a solvent and as a comonomer in polyacetals.